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Gradient Formula:
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Gradient in model railways refers to the steepness of a slope, expressed as a percentage. It represents the vertical rise per unit of horizontal distance and is crucial for determining locomotive performance and train operation capabilities.
The calculator uses the gradient formula:
Where:
Explanation: The formula calculates the ratio of vertical rise to horizontal run, multiplied by 100 to express it as a percentage.
Details: Accurate gradient calculation is essential for designing model railway layouts that locomotives can successfully navigate. Steep gradients can cause wheel slip, reduced pulling power, and operational issues.
Tips: Enter rise and run values in millimeters. Both values must be positive numbers. The calculator will compute the gradient percentage automatically.
Q1: What is a typical gradient for model railways?
A: Most model locomotives handle gradients of 2-4% well. Steeper gradients (4-6%) may require more powerful locomotives or shorter trains.
Q2: How does gradient affect locomotive performance?
A: Steeper gradients reduce a locomotive's pulling power. As gradient increases, the number of cars a locomotive can pull decreases significantly.
Q3: What are spiral gradients used for?
A: Spiral gradients (helixes) allow trains to gain elevation in a compact space, typically using gradients of 2-3% for reliable operation.
Q4: How do I measure rise and run accurately?
A: Use a spirit level and ruler to measure vertical height difference (rise) and horizontal distance (run) between two points on your track.
Q5: Can all locomotives handle the same gradients?
A: No, different locomotive types have varying climbing abilities. Modern diesel and electric models generally handle gradients better than older steam models.